A Beginner's Guide to Ginkgo Biloba as a Natural Nootropic

Ginkgo Biloba, a botanical relic predating dinosaurs, melds ancient wisdom with contemporary nootropic science.

Its distinctive fan-shaped leaves and adaptogenic prowess symbolize resilience against environmental adversities, while its use in traditional Chinese medicine for over five millennia underscores its medicinal heritage.

Rich in bioactive compounds like flavonoids and terpenoids, notably ginkgolides and bilobalide, Ginkgo Biloba exhibits multifaceted neuropharmacological effects, from neurotransmitter modulation to enhanced cerebral blood flow and neuroprotection.

Scientific inquiry corroborates Ginkgo Biloba's efficacy as a nootropic supplement, with rigorous studies elucidating its cognitive-enhancing properties and therapeutic implications in cognitive decline and neurological disorders.

Beyond cognition, Ginkgo Biloba offers a spectrum of health benefits, including cardioprotection and antioxidant prowess, aligning with its holistic impact on human well-being.

  

Contents

• What is Ginkgo Biloba?
• Ginkgo Biloba as a Nootropic
• Scientific Evidence on Ginkgo Biloba's Benefits
• Health Benefits Beyond Cognition
• How to Use Ginkgo Biloba
• Safety and Side Effects

 

A Beginner's Guide to Ginkgo Biloba as a Natural Nootropic

 

 

What is Ginkgo Biloba? 

Ginkgo biloba, celebrated as the oldest living tree species and known as the maidenhair tree, has been a beacon of resilience and therapeutic potential for centuries.

Tracing its origins back to the Permian period, approximately 286 to 248 million years ago, Ginkgo biloba stands today as the sole survivor of the Ginkgoaceae family, a lineage that once flourished across the globe.

This remarkable survival is attributed to its exceptional adaptability, resistance to disease, and the efforts of Buddhist monks who nurtured these trees within the sanctity of their temple grounds.

Its medicinal prowess, combined with its historical significance, has led to Ginkgo biloba being widely studied and utilized in modern herbal supplementation.

The leaves and seeds of Ginkgo biloba are harvested for their health-promoting properties, which are believed to stem from the tree's rich composition of bioactive compounds.

These components have been the focus of extensive research, exploring their potential in enhancing cognitive function, supporting neurogenesis, and offering neuroprotective effects against a range of neurological conditions.

As a nootropic, Ginkgo biloba has garnered attention for its ability to improve memory, attention, and overall cognitive function.

Chemical Composition 

The chemical composition of Ginkgo biloba includes a rich array of bioactive compounds, primarily found in its seeds and leaves, that contribute to its wide range of medicinal benefits.

These active constituents include minerals, flavonoids, triterpene lactones, phenolic compounds, ginkgotoxin (4-O-methylpyridoxine), ginkgolic acid, and ginnol, which are known to inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria.

Among these, flavone glycosides, biflavones, triterpene lactones such as ginkgolides A, B, C, J, M, and bilobalide, alkylphenols, proanthocyanidins, polyprenols, phenolic acids, 6-hydroxykynurenic acid, and ginkgotoxin are predominantly found in the leaves​​.

Ginkgolides, unique to Ginkgo biloba, are a set of trilactonic diterpenes (ginkgolides A, B, and C), contributing to the plant's potent anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and circulatory benefits.

These compounds have been specifically shown to act as platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation and enhancing blood flow.

Flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba, including quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetins, are major antioxidants that play a critical role in scavenging free radicals and acting as heavy metal chelators due to their phenolic structures.

These flavonoids, along with proanthocyanidins and various organic acids such as glucose, rhamnose, hydroxykynurenic, kynurenic, protocatechuic, vanillic, and shikimic acids, form the pharmacologically active base of Ginkgo biloba extracts​​.

Historical Context and Traditional Uses

Characterized by its unique, fan-shaped leaves that turn a vibrant yellow in autumn, Ginkgo biloba is both a symbol of beauty and a repository of ancient genetic heritage.

The Ginkgo tree, with its distinctive foliage, not only captivates the eye but also holds a revered place in traditional Chinese medicine.

For nearly 5000 years, it has been utilized for a variety of health concerns, most notably asthma.

Ginkgo biloba's resilience is not just limited to its biological and health-related attributes.

The tree has an extraordinary ability to resist disease, pollution, and environmental stress, which has allowed it to survive through epochs and become a celebrated ornamental species around the world. Its nuts are considered a delicacy in many cultures, while the leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, from cognitive disorders to cardiovascular issues.

In modern times, Ginkgo biloba has found its way into the heart of alternative medicine, particularly as a dietary supplement aimed at improving memory and concentration, reducing symptoms related to dementia, and enhancing overall mental clarity and well-being.

The standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves, known as EGb 761, has been the subject of numerous scientific studies exploring its efficacy in treating and managing a wide range of health issues, from cognitive impairments and dementia to peripheral vascular diseases and neurosensory problems.

 

 

Ginkgo Biloba as a Nootropic

Understanding Nootropics

Ginkgo Biloba, as a nootropic, is renowned for its potential cognitive enhancing properties, which makes it a subject of considerable interest for those looking to improve mental performance and brain health.

The term "nootropic" itself refers to substances that can enhance cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, or motivation, in healthy individuals.

Ginkgo Biloba fits this category due to its multifaceted impact on cognitive health and functionality.

Ginkgo Biloba Nootropic Effect

Cognitive Function and Memory Enhancement:

Ginkgo Biloba's bioactive constituents, specifically flavonoids and terpenoids, are renowned for their significant impact on enhancing cognitive abilities.

These compounds facilitate improvements in key cognitive domains:

• Memory Retention: Augmenting short-term and working memory, aiding in the consolidation of new information and recall.
• Processing Speed: Enhancing the brain's ability to process information swiftly, improving reaction times and cognitive agility.
• Executive Function: Boosting higher-order cognitive processes, including planning, problem-solving, and decision-making, essential for daily activities and academic performance.

Clinical investigations underscore Ginkgo Biloba's effectiveness in bolstering memory capabilities across diverse populations, from healthy adults to individuals experiencing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early stages of dementia.

Neuroprotection and Oxidative Stress Mitigation:

Ginkgo Biloba's potent antioxidant properties offer a shield against neuronal damage caused by oxidative stress, a prevalent factor in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

This neuroprotective mechanism is instrumental in:

• Cellular Defense: Neutralizing free radicals, thereby preventing oxidative damage to brain cells.
• Cognitive Health Maintenance: Preserving cognitive functions and preventing the deterioration of neural pathways over time.

Blood Flow and Cerebral Circulation:

By promoting cerebral vasodilation, Ginkgo Biloba significantly enhances blood flow to the brain, a vital process for:

• Optimal Brain Function: Ensuring adequate oxygen and nutrient supply to brain cells, crucial for maintaining cognitive performance and energy metabolism.
• Attention and Executive Functions: Facilitating improvements in focus, attention span, and executive cognitive skills by optimizing cerebral circulation and neurotransmitter availability.

Modulation of Neurotransmitter Activity:

Ginkgo Biloba exhibits potential regulatory effects on neurotransmitter systems, pivotal for:

• Learning and Memory: Modulating the activity of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, which plays a critical role in learning processes and memory formation.
• Mood Regulation: Influencing serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, thereby impacting mood regulation and potentially mitigating symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Alleviation of Cognitive Decline Symptoms:

Empirical research into Ginkgo Biloba has demonstrated its capacity to mitigate symptoms associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases:

• Memory Enhancement: Showing consistent improvement in memory performance and daily living activities in individuals with cognitive decline or dementia.
• Focus Improvement: Enhancing concentration and reducing symptoms of cognitive fog in older adults and those with neurocognitive disorders.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects:

Beyond its cognitive fortification, Ginkgo Biloba's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties play a crucial role in promoting a conducive neural environment for cognitive functions:

• Inflammation Reduction: Inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating inflammation within the brain, which is often linked to cognitive decline.
• Overall Brain Health: Supporting the structural integrity of neurons, thereby fostering cognitive resilience and adaptability in the face of aging and environmental stressors.

 

 

Scientific Evidence on Ginkgo Biloba's Benefits

The therapeutic applications of Ginkgo biloba, particularly in cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, have been extensively studied over the years.

A plethora of clinical trials and research studies have aimed to evaluate the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract, known as EGb 761, on cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease, showcasing its potential as a nootropic and therapeutic agent.

A significant body of research indicates that Ginkgo biloba extract may offer cognitive improvement in individuals suffering from cognitive decline, memory deterioration, and decreased alertness.

Studies have focused on various cognitive parameters, including short-term memory, reaction times, attention accuracy, and memory quality, demonstrating notable improvements in these areas when subjects were administered Ginkgo biloba extract compared to placebo.

One of the pivotal aspects of Ginkgo biloba's benefits lies in its dosage and the duration of administration.

Clinical trials reveal that long-term administration (more than 22 weeks) with an adequate dosage (240 mg/day or more) tends to yield more positive outcomes in improving cognitive functions and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) in patients with dementia.

This suggests that both the course of treatment and the dosage play critical roles in maximizing the therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive dysfunction.

Furthermore, Ginkgo biloba has been compared with conventional medications such as donepezil in the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia, showing comparable efficacy in cognitive performance improvement.

This positions Ginkgo biloba not only as an alternative but also as a complementary treatment option for cognitive impairment and dementia.

The consensus among various clinical expert groups underscores the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).

Recommendations include the use of Ginkgo biloba as part of a comprehensive treatment plan, highlighting its potential in managing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and serving as an adjunctive therapy alongside standard pharmacological treatments.

Despite the promising evidence, it's important to consider the limitations and variability in study results.

The efficacy of Ginkgo biloba may vary depending on individual factors, including the stage and type of cognitive impairment.

Continuous research and more extensive clinical trials are necessary to further elucidate the mechanisms, optimize dosages, and clarify the long-term benefits of Ginkgo biloba in cognitive health and neuroprotection.

The scientific evidence supports the cognitive enhancing and neuroprotective benefits of Ginkgo biloba, making it a valuable component in the treatment of cognitive disorders.

Its ability to improve memory, attention, and cognitive functions, coupled with a favorable safety profile, underscores its potential as a natural therapeutic agent in neurology and mental health​​.

 

 

Health Benefits Beyond Cognition

Ginkgo biloba, renowned for its cognitive-enhancing properties, also boasts a wide array of health benefits that transcend brain health.

This ancient herb, utilized for millennia in traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to offer several therapeutic effects beyond cognitive improvement.

• Cardioprotective Properties: Ginkgo biloba is known for its significant cardioprotective effects. Its active components, particularly flavonoids and terpenoids, exhibit potent antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiovascular health. These substances help enhance blood circulation, reduce the risk of blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation, and protect against ischemic damage, making Ginkgo biloba beneficial for heart health.
• Antioxidant Effects: The antioxidant effects of Ginkgo biloba are profound. By scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, Ginkgo biloba helps protect the body from oxidative stress, a key factor in aging and numerous diseases. This antioxidant capacity contributes to the prevention and management of conditions such as cancer, by inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis through anti-angiogenic properties.
• Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Ginkgo biloba has shown promise in modulating stress responses and reducing anxiety. By influencing cortisol levels and improving the body's ability to handle stress, Ginkgo can have a calming effect, potentially offering relief for those dealing with high stress, anxiety, and related mood disorders.
• Neuroprotective Benefits: Beyond its cognitive-enhancing capabilities, Ginkgo biloba's neuroprotective effects are noteworthy. It offers protection against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's by inhibiting the aggregation of beta-amyloid plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer's pathology. Additionally, it supports neuronal health, reducing the risk of neuron degeneration and supporting overall brain health.
• Anti-inflammatory Actions: The anti-inflammatory properties of Ginkgo biloba contribute to its wide-ranging health benefits. By reducing inflammation, Ginkgo can help manage chronic inflammatory conditions, potentially offering therapeutic benefits in diseases where inflammation plays a key role.
• Support for Circulatory Disorders: Ginkgo biloba improves circulatory health by enhancing blood flow and reducing the risk of circulatory disorders. This can be particularly beneficial for conditions such as peripheral artery disease, where improved circulation can alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.
• Potential Anticancer Properties: Preliminary research suggests that Ginkgo biloba may have anticancer properties, offering chemopreventive effects that could be beneficial in managing and preventing certain types of cancer. Its antioxidant and anti-angiogenic actions play a role in this potential benefit, though more research is needed to fully understand its impact on cancer.

The multifaceted therapeutic benefits of Ginkgo biloba extend far beyond cognitive enhancement.

Its cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties make it a valuable herbal supplement for overall health and well-being.

 

 

How to Use Ginkgo Biloba

This ancient remedy, derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo Biloba tree, has been scientifically supported to offer a wide range of therapeutic effects, making it a valuable supplement for overall wellness.

Below are various ways to incorporate Ginkgo Biloba into your daily regimen, ensuring you reap its maximum benefits.

Different Forms of Ginkgo Biloba

• Extracts: Ginkgo Biloba is most commonly available in the form of standardized extracts. These extracts ensure a consistent dose of the active ingredients, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. The extracts can be taken in capsule or tablet form, offering convenience and precision in dosage.
• Teas: For those who prefer a more traditional approach, Ginkgo Biloba leaves can be brewed into a herbal tea. This method allows for a soothing and enjoyable way to consume Ginkgo, although the concentration of active compounds may vary compared to standardized extracts.
• Tinctures: Liquid tinctures of Ginkgo Biloba provide a versatile option, allowing for dose customization and ease of use. Tinctures can be added to water, juice, or any other beverage, making them a convenient choice for daily supplementation.

 

Recommended Dosages

The efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba largely depends on the correct dosage.

For cognitive enhancement and to improve blood circulation, the recommended dosage typically ranges from 120 mg to 240 mg per day, divided into two or three doses.

It is essential to start with a lower dose to assess tolerance before gradually increasing to the desired amount.

 

Timing and Combining with Other Supplements

• Timing: Ginkgo Biloba can be taken at any time of the day, though some prefer taking it in the morning to take advantage of its circulatory benefits throughout the day. If you find Ginkgo to be stimulating, morning administration may prevent any potential interference with sleep.
• Combining with Other Supplements: Ginkgo Biloba can be combined with other nootropics or supplements to enhance overall cognitive function and health benefits. For instance, pairing Ginkgo with Panax Ginseng can amplify cognitive benefits due to their complementary effects on enhancing memory and improving blood flow. However, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially when combining multiple products, to avoid potential interactions.

Incorporating Ginkgo Biloba into your daily routine offers a natural way to support cognitive health, circulation, and overall well-being.

By choosing the form that best suits your lifestyle and following the recommended dosages, you can safely enjoy the wide-ranging benefits of this ancient nootropic.

 

Safety and Side Effects

General Safety of Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba, derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo tree, is considered relatively safe for most people when consumed in moderate amounts.

The consumption of Ginkgo leaf products is generally associated with a low risk of adverse effects.

This herbal supplement has been part of dietary practices for centuries, particularly in Chinese and Japanese cuisines, where Ginkgo nuts are consumed as part of the diet.

Potential Side Effects and Contraindications

While Ginkgo Biloba is generally well-tolerated, excessive consumption can lead to certain adverse effects.

These include gastrointestinal disturbances, headaches, dizziness, excessive bleeding, allergic skin reactions, and, on rare occasions, anaphylaxis-like reactions, particularly with intravenous administration.

A specific case involved a woman experiencing vomiting and clonic convulsions after consuming a large amount of Ginkgo nuts, attributed to 4’-Methoxypyridoxine, a compound in the nuts that may induce convulsions by affecting brain GABA levels.

Ginkgo Biloba's effect on blood clotting, due to its inhibitory action on platelet-activating factor (PAF), suggests caution in individuals prone to bleeding disorders. While standard dosages (120 to 240 mg/day) do not significantly affect PAF, higher doses have been reported to cause hemorrhage in both animal studies and humans.

Interactions with Medications and Specific Health Conditions

Ginkgo Biloba may interact with several medications, including anticoagulants, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antidiabetics, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other herbal drugs.

These interactions are mainly attributed to the flavonoid and terpenoid components of Ginkgo, which can inhibit specific enzymes, including those in the cytochrome P450 family.

However, the extent of these interactions and their clinical significance can vary, with some studies reporting no significant effects on drug metabolism or clotting status in healthy subjects.

Importance of Consulting with a Healthcare Professional

Given the potential for side effects and drug interactions, it is crucial for individuals considering Ginkgo Biloba supplementation to consult with a healthcare professional.

This is particularly important for pregnant and lactating women, as data regarding the effects on fertility, lactation, and pregnancy are insufficient to draw definitive conclusions.

Additionally, individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking medication should seek medical advice to ensure safe and effective use of Ginkgo Biloba​​.

 

Conclusion

Ginkgo biloba, a majestic relic from the ancient world, continues to stand tall in the realm of natural supplements, offering a bridge between traditional medicine and modern therapeutic practices.

The unique bioactive compounds within Ginkgo biloba—flavonoids and terpenoids—embody the tree's resilience and therapeutic prowess, contributing to its cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective effects.

As we've explored, Ginkgo biloba's benefits extend far beyond cognitive enhancement, touching on cardiovascular health, stress reduction, anti-inflammatory effects, and even potential anticancer properties.

Its versatility as a supplement, available in various forms from extracts to teas, allows for easy integration into daily life, catering to diverse preferences and health goals.

Are you considering joining the ranks of those who have experienced the cognitive benefits of nootropics? To learn more about how our Mood & Wellbeing Nootropic Supplement might fit into your lifestyle, visit us at nooroots.

 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is Ginkgo Biloba?

Ginkgo Biloba is a natural supplement derived from the leaves of the Ginkgo tree, known for its cognitive-enhancing properties.

How does Ginkgo Biloba work as a nootropic?

Ginkgo Biloba enhances cognitive function by improving blood flow to the brain, providing antioxidant protection, and reducing inflammation.

Can Ginkgo Biloba improve memory?

Yes, studies suggest that Ginkgo Biloba can enhance memory and cognitive performance, particularly in older adults.

Is Ginkgo Biloba safe for daily use?

Ginkgo Biloba is generally safe for daily use, but it's important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider, especially if taking other medications.

What are the benefits of Ginkgo Biloba for the brain?

Ginkgo Biloba supports brain health by increasing cerebral blood flow, protecting against oxidative stress, and potentially reducing symptoms of cognitive decline.

How much Ginkgo Biloba should I take for cognitive benefits?

Typical dosages for cognitive benefits range from 120 to 240 mg per day. It's best to follow specific product guidelines or consult a healthcare professional.

Are there any side effects of taking Ginkgo Biloba?

Some people may experience mild side effects such as headaches, dizziness, or gastrointestinal issues. Severe side effects are rare but possible.

Can Ginkgo Biloba help with anxiety and depression?

Yes, Ginkgo Biloba has been shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant effects by modulating neurotransmitter activity and improving brain function.

What is the best way to take Ginkgo Biloba for nootropic effects?

Ginkgo Biloba can be taken in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and extracts. It is best absorbed when taken with food.

How long does it take to see the effects of Ginkgo Biloba on cognitive function?

The cognitive benefits of Ginkgo Biloba can typically be observed within 4 to 6 weeks of consistent use, though this may vary by individual.

 

Learn more about the vitamins, minerals and plant extracts we use to give your brain a daily boost

• Cacao
• Ginkgo Biloba
• Ashwagandha
• N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
• Holy Basil
• L-Theanine
• Rhodiola Rosea
• Guarana Seed
• Piperine

 

References

• Xie, L., Zhu, Q. and Lu, J. (2022). Can We Use Ginkgo biloba Extract to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease? Lessons from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Cells, 11(3), p.479. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11030479.
• ‌ Tan, M.-S., Yu, J.-T., Tan, C.-C., Wang, H.-F., Meng, X.-F., Wang, C., Jiang, T., Zhu, X.-C. and Tan, L. (2014). Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Ginkgo Biloba for Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, [online] 43(2), pp.589–603. doi:https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-140837.
• Amieva, H., Meillon, C., Helmer, C., Barberger-Gateau, P. and Dartigues, J.F. (2013). Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Long-Term Cognitive Decline: A 20-Year Follow-Up Population-Based Study. PLoS ONE, [online] 8(1), p.e52755. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052755.
• Ge, W., Ren, C., Xing, L., Guan, L., Zhang, C., Sun, X., Wang, G., Niu, H. and Qun, S. (2021). Ginkgo biloba extract improves cognitive function and increases neurogenesis by reducing Aβ pathology in 5×FAD mice. American Journal of Translational Research, [online] 13(3), pp.1471–1482. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8014356/.
• Birks, J. and Grimley Evans, J. (2009). Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, [online] (1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd003120.pub3.
• Barbalho, S.M., Direito, R., Laurindo, L.F., Marton, L.T., Guiguer, E.L., Goulart, R. de A., Tofano, R.J., Carvalho, A.C.A., Flato, U.A.P., Capelluppi Tofano, V.A., Detregiachi, C.R.P., Bueno, P.C.S., Girio, R.S.J. and Araújo, A.C. (2022). Ginkgo biloba in the Aging Process: A Narrative Review. Antioxidants, [online] 11(3), p.525. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11030525.
• Hashiguchi, M., Ohta, Y., Shimizu, M., Maruyama, J. and Mochizuki, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of dementia. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, [online] 1(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40780-015-0014-7.
• Mahadevan, S. and Park, Y. (2007). Multifaceted Therapeutic Benefits of Ginkgo biloba L.: Chemistry, Efficacy, Safety, and Uses. Journal of Food Science, 73(1), pp.R14–R19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00597.x.
• Singh, S.K., Srivastav, S., Castellani, R.J., Plascencia-Villa, G. and Perry, G. (2019). Neuroprotective and Antioxidant Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract Against AD and Other Neurological Disorders. Neurotherapeutics: The Journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, [online] 16(3), pp.666–674. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-019-00767-8.
• Liu, H., Ye, M. and Guo, H. (2020). An Updated Review of Randomized Clinical Trials Testing the Improvement of Cognitive Function of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Healthy People and Alzheimer’s Patients. Frontiers in Pharmacology, [online] 10. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01688.