NR-014
Ingredient Atlas entry · Herb
Ginkgo
Ginkgo biloba, the maidenhair tree
The leaf of the ginkgo tree, often taken as the standardised extract EGb 761, and studied mostly for memory and thinking, often in older adults, and for circulation. Here is every study in people we could find, sorted from each study's summary.
- Part used: leaf
- Most tested: 240 mg a day
- Usually taken for 1 to 6 months
The research map
From every paper to the studies that matter
Most research on ginkgo is in the lab or about the tree itself. Only a small share tests it in people, and that is what this page is about.
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6,489 papers mention ginkgo. Every record in PubMed, all years
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703 are about people. The rest: 2,436 lab and animal studies, 1,022 reviews, 2,328 on chemistry, farming and more
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476 give ginkgo on its own. 96 more test it inside a blend or a combined medicine
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201 are randomised against a placebo. The strongest kind of study
Bar lengths use a square-root scale so the small numbers stay visible.
At a glance
How much research there is
- 476 studies giving ginkgo to people
- 201 of them randomised against a placebo
- 60,955 people taking part, where studies say
- 291 systematic reviews pooling the trials
Studies in people, by year published
Ginkgo on its own. More than half were published between 2000 and 2014.
Randomised, placebo-controlled
Other designs
What was measured
What the studies looked at
Each study can measure several things. Choose a topic to see its studies in the list below.
Studies in people with a diagnosed condition are counted here and listed with their population. We describe what they measured, not what they might treat. Most studies also report safety; see below.
Doses and extracts
What was tested, and how much
Many studies use the standardised extract EGb 761 (sold as Tanakan and Tebonin), so their milligrams compare. Other extracts are made in different ways, so the same number of milligrams can mean different amounts of the leaf's active compounds.
Daily amount, one dot per study
Summary read242 studies don't give a daily amount in their summary and aren't shown.
Studies per extract
Named extracts are the maker's brand. "Not named" means the study didn't say.
Every study
All studies in people
Filter the list, then open a study on PubMed. Each row comes from the study's published summary.
| Study | Who took part | People | Extract and daily dose | Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma 2026RCT, placebo | Adults with acute ischemic stroke | 446 | Shuxuening injection | – |
| El-Shazly 2026RCT, placebo | Children aged 5-14 with nocturnal enuresis | 398 | Not named, 60 mg | 13 weeks |
| Shen 2026Non-randomised controlled | Adults with ischemic vertigo | 321 | Ginkgo biloba leaf extract injection | – |
| Lisowska 2026Single-arm or open-label | Adults with vertigo and dizziness | 179 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Zhang 2026Non-randomised controlled | Sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients, retrospective | 100 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Morato 2026RCT, active or other control | Adults with mild cognitive impairment | 100 | EGb 761 | 104 weeks |
| Jianbunjongkit 2026RCT, active or other control | Adults with dizziness or vertigo of unclear cause | 86 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 12 weeks |
| Chong 2026Crossover, placebo | High-level esports athletes under mental fatigue | 20 | Not named | – |
| Krasnienkov 2026Single-arm or open-label | Parkinson's disease patients on baseline therapy | 17 | EGb 761 | 4 weeks |
| Mansouri 2026Crossover, placebo | Male mountaineers under simulated hypoxia | 12 | Not named, 200 mg | 1 weeks |
| Chen 2026RCT, active or other control | Adults with sudden hearing loss and new tinnitus | – | EGb 761, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Kim 2026RCT, placebo | Patients with peripheral arterial disease and claudication | – | GNX80, 160 mg | 24 weeks |
| Lisowska 2025Single-arm or open-label | Adults with chronic tinnitus | 170 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Amiri 2025RCT, placebo | Adults after cataract surgery | 144 | Not named, 200 mg | 26 weeks |
| Yang 2025Non-randomised controlled | Amyloid PET-positive Alzheimer's patients on donepezil | 101 | Not named | 52 weeks |
| Huang 2025Observational | Adults with jugular venous stenosis or acute ischemic stroke | 99 | Not named | – |
| Chen 2025Non-randomised controlled | Women with breast cancer on chemotherapy | 96 | Ginkgo ketone ester tablets, 750 mg | 12 weeks |
| Wang 2025RCT, active or other control | Adults with vestibular neuritis | 80 | Not named | – |
| Yang 2025Non-randomised controlled | Adults with amyloid PET-positive mild cognitive impairment | 64 | Not named, 240 mg | 52 weeks |
| Lan 2025RCT, active or other control | Adults with ischemic stroke and cerebral microbleeds | 49 | EGb 761 | 26 weeks |
| Hodgson 2025Non-randomised controlled | Adults with treated early-to-moderate glaucoma | 34 | Not named, 240 mg | 17 weeks |
| Soria-Rodríguez 2025RCT, placebo | Adults living with HIV doing supervised exercise | 28 | Not named | 12 weeks |
| Brueggemann 2025RCT, placebo | Dementia patients with tinnitus, pooled trial data | – | EGb 761 | – |
| Langguth 2024Observational | Acute tinnitus patients seen by ENT doctors | 111,629 | Not named | – |
| Bohlken 2024Observational | Mild or moderate dementia patients, prescription database | 4,765 | Not named | – |
| Zhang 2024Non-randomised controlled | Parkinson's disease patients on nimodipine, retrospective | 551 | Not named | 12 weeks |
| Basista 2024Non-randomised controlled | Adults with chronic idiopathic tinnitus | 180 | Not named | 26 weeks |
| Wang 2024RCT, placebo | Patients with tardive dyskinesia | 157 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Chowdhury 2024Single-arm or open-label | Adults with major neurocognitive disorder | 150 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 18 weeks |
| Zhu 2024RCT, active or other control | Elderly adults with ischemic cerebrovascular disease | 120 | Not named | – |
| Dong 2024Non-randomised controlled | Sudden sensorineural hearing loss patients, retrospective | 120 | EGb 761 | 1 weeks |
| He 2024RCT, placebo | Patients with stable angina and depression | 72 | Ginkgo biloba dropping pill | 12 weeks |
| Nayak 2024Non-randomised controlled | Moderate tinnitus patients, caroverine with or without ginkgo | 72 | Not named, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Li 2024Single-arm or open-label | Coal-burning arsenism patients, metabolomics | 39 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Kim 2024Non-randomised controlled | Adults with age-related hearing loss | – | Not named | 65 weeks |
| Özge 2023Observational | People with MCI or dementia on dementia drugs | 547 | EGb 761 | – |
| Cui 2023RCT, active or other control | Adults after ischemic stroke | 201 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Chauhan 2023RCT, placebo | Adults aged 40-70 with tinnitus | 69 | Not named, 120 mg | 14 weeks |
| Mohebbi 2023RCT, placebo | Psychiatric patients with drug-induced parkinsonism | 63 | Not named, 240 mg | 13 weeks |
| Abdellatif 2023Single-arm or open-label | Human volunteers using ginkgo skin cream | – | Not namedOn the skin | 2 weeks |
| Bohlken 2022Observational | Older outpatients with mild cognitive impairment | 24,483 | Not named | – |
| Sha 2022RCT, active or other control | Adults with dizziness from cerebral arteriosclerosis | 404 | GBE50 | 6 weeks |
| Zhang 2022RCT, active or other control | Hypertension with carotid atherosclerotic plaque | 300 | Not named | – |
| García-Alberca 2022Non-randomised controlled | Adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment | 133 | EGb 761 | 52 weeks |
| Nazarinasab 2022RCT, placebo | Psychiatric patients having electroconvulsive therapy | 80 | Not named | – |
| García-Alberca 2022Non-randomised controlled | Vascular dementia patients, retrospective | 77 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 52 weeks |
| Hoerr 2022Pharmacokinetic | Healthy adults aged 21-70 | 41 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Briskey 2022Pharmacokinetic | Healthy adult volunteers | 13 | Ginkgosome (liposomal extract), 120 mg | – |
| Zifko 2022Single-arm or open-label | Adults with post-COVID cognitive deficits | 5 | EGb 761, 160 mg | – |
| Fang 2022RCT, placebo | Coal-burning arsenism patients | – | GBE | – |
| Brüggemann 2021RCT, placebo | Dementia patients with tinnitus (pooled three trials) | 594 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Kloft 2021RCT, placebo | Patients with probable Alzheimer's dementia | 513 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 26 weeks |
| Băjenaru 2021Single-arm or open-label | Adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment | 500 | EGb761 (Tanakan), 120 mg | 104 weeks |
| Zhao 2021RCT, placebo | Convalescent ischemic stroke with hypertension | 477 | EGB (Ginkgo biloba extract), 80 mg | 12 weeks |
| Zheng 2021Non-randomised controlled | Alzheimer patients | 150 | Not named | 26 weeks |
| Peng 2021Non-randomised controlled | Ischaemic stroke patients receiving rTMS | 93 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Sabaner 2021Single-arm or open-label | Healthy young volunteers | 60 | Not named, 120 mg | 4 weeks |
| Kangilbaeva 2020RCT, active or other control | Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients | 165 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 1 weeks |
| Li 2020Non-randomised controlled | Acute intracerebral haemorrhage patients on oxiracetam | 98 | Not named | 2 weeks |
| Xia 2020RCT, placebo | Coal-burning arsenicosis patients | 81 | GBE | 13 weeks |
| Radunz 2020RCT, active or other control | Adults with tinnitus and hearing loss | 33 | EGb 761 | 13 weeks |
| Nishad 2019RCT, placebo | Patients with cochlear synaptic tinnitus | 86 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Liang 2019RCT, active or other control | Adults with post-stroke depression | 80 | Ginkgo biloba extract | 8 weeks |
| Procházková 2018RCT, active or other control | Adults with chronic tinnitus | 197 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Rapp 2018Observational | Alzheimer patients aged 80+ | 189 | EGb 761 | 52 weeks |
| Wightman 2018RCT, placebo | Healthy adults aged 50-70 | 155 | Not named, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Dai 2018Non-randomised controlled | Elderly patients with depression | 136 | EGb | – |
| Xie 2018RCT, active or other control | Elderly surgical patients with postoperative delirium | 80 | EGb761, 240 mg | – |
| Aziz 2018RCT, placebo | Adults with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes on metformin | 60 | Not named, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Bonassi 2018RCT, placebo | Elderly nursing home residents | 47 | IDN 5933 (Ginkgoselect Plus), 240 mg | 26 weeks |
| Fang 2018Non-randomised controlled | Ischaemic colitis patients | 47 | Not named | – |
| Aziz 2018RCT, placebo | Adults with metabolic syndrome on metformin | 40 | Not named, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Liu 2018Pharmacokinetic | Healthy human subjects | – | YinXing-TongZhi tablet | – |
| Li 2017RCT, active or other control | Adults with acute ischaemic stroke | 348 | GBE, 450 mg | 26 weeks |
| Demarin 2017RCT, placebo | Adults with vascular cognitive impairment | 90 | Not named, 120 mg | 26 weeks |
| Xiao 2017RCT, active or other control | Patients with delayed encephalopathy after CO poisoning | 84 | Ginaton, 70 mg | 2 weeks |
| Gschwind 2017RCT, placebo | Adults 50-85 with mild cognitive impairment and gait impairment | 50 | LI 1370 (Symfona forte), 240 mg | 26 weeks |
| Guo 2017Non-randomised controlled | Adults with post-viral olfactory dysfunction | 42 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Chutko 2017Single-arm or open-label | Adults with ADHD | 40 | Memoplant, 240 mg | 8 weeks |
| Kryukov 2017Single-arm or open-label | Patients with cochleovestibular dizziness | 40 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 17 weeks |
| Sadowska-Krępa 2017RCT, placebo | Healthy physically active young men | 18 | Not named, 160 mg | 6 weeks |
| Huang 2016RCT, active or other control | Severe sleep apnoea patients | 140 | Not named | 1 weeks |
| Al-Kuraishy 2016Other | Healthy volunteers | 112 | Not named | – |
| Beck 2016RCT, placebo | Older adults with subjective memory impairment | 61 | EGb 761, 240 mg | – |
| Cai 2016Single-arm or open-label | Advanced liver cancer patients on sorafenib | 59 | Not named, 360 mg | – |
| Polanski 2016RCT, placebo | Older adults with tinnitus and hearing loss | 58 | Not named, 120 mg | 26 weeks |
| Koo 2016RCT, placebo | Adults with sudden hearing loss on steroids | 56 | EGb 761 | 1 weeks |
| Ong Lai Teik 2016Crossover, placebo | Healthy adults, ginkgo arm N=24 | 48 | Not named, 240 mg | – |
| Bagge 2016Single-arm or open-label | Healthy volunteers, 5 took ginkgo | 35 | Not named | 1 weeks |
| Scherrer 2015RCT, placebo | Older adults with spontaneous memory complaints | 2,854 | EGb 761 | 260 weeks |
| Moshetova 2015Non-randomised controlled | Diabetic retinopathy patients with or without macular degeneration | 180 | Not named, 60 mg | – |
| Acar 2015RCT, active or other control | Adults with residual dizziness after BPPV maneuvers | 100 | Not named | 1 weeks |
| Wang 2015RCT, active or other control | Patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia | 80 | Ginkgo biloba tablets, 58 mg | 13 weeks |
| Xu 2015RCT, placebo | Elderly surgical patients with cerebral ischemia | 60 | Not named | – |
| Tan 2015Non-randomised controlled | Coal miners with explosive deafness | 56 | Not named | – |
| Arzhimatova 2015Single-arm or open-label | Type 1 diabetes patients with retinopathy | 45 | Tanakan, 120 mg | 9 weeks |
| LaSala 2015RCT, placebo | Healthy volunteers, driving simulator | 30 | Not named, 240 mg | – |
| Dias 2015RCT, placebo | Adults starting cisplatin chemotherapy | 15 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 13 weeks |
| Shakibaei 2015RCT, placebo | Children and adolescents with ADHD on methylphenidate | – | Not named, 120 mg | 6 weeks |
| Canevelli 2014Observational | Alzheimer's patients on cholinesterase inhibitors | 828 | Not named | 52 weeks |
| Gavrilova 2014RCT, placebo | Patients with MCI and neuropsychiatric symptoms | 160 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Sokolova 2014RCT, active or other control | Adults with vertigo | 160 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Khaĭrullin 2014Single-arm or open-label | Adults with type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment | 120 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Yu 2014RCT, active or other control | Patients with mild cognitive impairment | 113 | Ginkgo leaves tablet, 58 mg | 52 weeks |
| Pebdani 2014RCT, placebo | Healthy postmenopausal women | 80 | Not named, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Zaĭtseva 2014Non-randomised controlled | Peripheral vestibular dizziness patients | 72 | Tanakan, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Cheng 2014RCT, active or other control | Adults with moderate to severe periodontitis | 60 | Not named | 26 weeks |
| Lasaite 2014RCT, placebo | Adults with type 2 diabetes | 56 | Not named | 78 weeks |
| Malishevskaia 2014Non-randomised controlled | Primary open-angle glaucoma patients | 52 | Tanakan | 13 weeks |
| Litvinenko 2014RCT, active or other control | Patients with discirculatory encephalopathy | 45 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Gan'kina 2014Non-randomised controlled | Chronic vascular encephalopathy with mild cognitive impairment | 36 | Not named, 240 mg | 13 weeks |
| Guo 2014Crossover, placebo | Chinese adults with normal tension glaucoma | 35 | Not named, 120 mg | 4 weeks |
| Kim 2014Pharmacokinetic | Healthy Korean adults | 34 | Not named, 160 mg | 1 weeks |
| Sakatani 2014Single-arm or open-label | Healthy middle-aged women | 34 | EGb, 120 mg | 6 weeks |
| Naprienko 2014Single-arm or open-label | Young adults with headache and memory impairment | 30 | Tanakan, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Cheng 2014Non-randomised controlled | Adults with moderate-to-severe periodontitis | 30 | Not namedOn the skin | – |
| Uebel-von Sandersleben 2014Single-arm or open-label | Children with ADHD combined type | 20 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Dew 2014Pharmacokinetic | Healthy adults, acute dual-dose crossover | 12 | Not named | – |
| Siegel 2014Single-arm or open-label | Metabolic syndrome patients | 11 | Not named | 9 weeks |
| Wang 2014Single-arm or open-label | Patients with ginkgo aglucone flavone indications | – | Ginkgo aglucone flavone | 2 weeks |
| Mathis 2013RCT, placebo | Nondemented adults aged 82 and over, post-trial imaging | 190 | Not named | – |
| Barton 2013RCT, placebo | Women starting adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer | 166 | EGb 761, 120 mg | – |
| Hong 2013RCT, active or other control | Patients with acute cerebral ischemia | 127 | Not named, 160 mg | 13 weeks |
| Polanski 2013RCT, placebo | Adults with presbyacusis | 120 | Not named | 26 weeks |
| Oskouei 2013RCT, placebo | Adults with acute ischemic stroke | 102 | Not named | 17 weeks |
| Orhan 2013Non-randomised controlled | Tinnitus patients, retrospective three-drug comparison | 90 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Vardy 2013Pharmacokinetic | Women with early breast cancer on hormone therapy | 60 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 3 weeks |
| Lee 2013Single-arm or open-label | Normal tension glaucoma patients | 42 | Not named, 160 mg | – |
| Boĭko 2013Single-arm or open-label | Outpatients with moderate cognitive impairment | 34 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 13 weeks |
| Ke 2013RCT, placebo | Healthy young men ascending to altitude | 28 | Not named, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Dai 2013Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | 14 | Not named, 240 mg | 2 weeks |
| Diamond 2013Other | Adults with multiple sclerosis | – | EGb 761 | – |
| Vellas 2012RCT, placebo | Adults aged 70+ with memory complaints | 2,854 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 260 weeks |
| Herrschaft 2012RCT, placebo | Outpatients with mild to moderate dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms | 410 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Ihl 2012RCT, placebo | Adults 50+ with Alzheimer's or vascular dementia | 404 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Shim 2012Non-randomised controlled | Normal tension glaucoma patients, retrospective chart review | 332 | Not named | – |
| Zhang 2012RCT, placebo | Chinese schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia | 157 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Zhao 2012RCT, active or other control | Adults aged 60-85 with amnestic MCI | 120 | Ginkgo biloba leaf tablet, 58 mg | 26 weeks |
| Lovera 2012RCT, placebo | Adults with multiple sclerosis and cognitive deficits | 120 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Dong 2012RCT, active or other control | Patients with mild cognitive impairment | 113 | Ginkgo biloba tablet | 52 weeks |
| Zhang 2012RCT, active or other control | Patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia | 80 | Ginkgo biloba tablets, 58 mg | 13 weeks |
| Nasab 2012RCT, active or other control | Adults aged 50-75 with Alzheimer-type dementia | 56 | Not named, 120 mg | 24 weeks |
| Hasanzadeh 2012RCT, placebo | Children aged 4-12 with autism on risperidone | 47 | Ginko T.D., 120 mg | – |
| Bredie 2012RCT, placebo | Adults with primary Raynaud phenomenon | 41 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 10 weeks |
| Han 2012RCT, active or other control | Adults with chronic tinnitus | 38 | Not named, 160 mg | 3 weeks |
| Attia 2012Single-arm or open-label | Irradiated brain tumour survivors | 34 | Not named, 120 mg | 24 weeks |
| Thanoon 2012Non-randomised controlled | Ischaemic stroke patients | 31 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Dardano 2012RCT, placebo | Thyroid cancer patients receiving radioiodine | 23 | Not named, 120 mg | 4 weeks |
| Zadoyan 2012Crossover, placebo | Healthy men and women | 18 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Blonk 2012Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | 18 | Not named, 240 mg | 2 weeks |
| Guo 2012Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers taking atorvastatin | 16 | Not named, 360 mg | 2 weeks |
| Ching-Hsiang 2012Single-arm or open-label | Patients with chronic age-related neurological disorders | – | Not named | 8 weeks |
| Ihl 2011RCT, placebo | Outpatients with mild to moderate dementia | 410 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Bachinskaya 2011RCT, placebo | Outpatients with mild to moderate dementia | 410 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Kaschel 2011RCT, placebo | Healthy adults aged 45 to 56 | 188 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 6 weeks |
| Zhang 2011RCT, placebo | Inpatients with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia | 157 | EGb-761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Suter 2011RCT, active or other control | Elderly patients, untreated controls | 32 | Not named, 540 mg | 4 weeks |
| Park 2011RCT, placebo | Normal tension glaucoma patients | 30 | Not named, 160 mg | 4 weeks |
| Silberstein 2011Crossover, placebo | Healthy middle-aged men | 19 | Not named | 2 weeks |
| Keheyan 2011Crossover, placebo | Young healthy men, single dose | 14 | Not named | – |
| Szczurko 2011Single-arm or open-label | People aged 12 to 35 with vitiligo | 12 | Not named, 120 mg | 12 weeks |
| Zhou 2011Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 12 | Not named | 5 weeks |
| Mashayekh 2011Single-arm or open-label | Healthy older men | 9 | EGb, 120 mg | 4 weeks |
| Boboshko 2011Other | Elderly women with presbycusis and tinnitus | – | Tanakan | – |
| Siegel 2011Other | Metabolic syndrome patients (title only) | – | Not named | – |
| Davydova 2011Other | Chronic cerebral ischemia with vestibular-ataxic syndrome | – | Tanakan | – |
| Kuller 2010RCT, placebo | Adults aged 75+ in the GEM trial | 3,069 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 318 weeks |
| Brinkley 2010RCT, placebo | Adults aged 75+ in the GEM trial | 3,069 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 318 weeks |
| Biggs 2010RCT, placebo | Adults aged 75+ in the GEM trial | 3,069 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 318 weeks |
| Ihl 2010RCT, placebo | Outpatients with dementia and neuropsychiatric features | 410 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Zhang 2010RCT, active or other control | Chronic heart failure patients | 84 | Not named | 24 weeks |
| Deng 2010RCT, placebo | Rheumatic heart disease patients having bypass surgery | 60 | Ginaton | – |
| Salehi 2010RCT, active or other control | Children and adolescents with ADHD | 50 | Ginko T.D. | 6 weeks |
| Kim 2010Pharmacokinetic | Healthy Korean men | 24 | Not named, 80 mg | – |
| Zuo 2010Pharmacokinetic | Healthy Chinese men | 12 | Not named, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Niederhofer 2010Single-arm or open-label | Psychiatric outpatients with attention-deficit disorder | 6 | Not named | – |
| Woelkart 2010Pharmacokinetic | Humans, single dose (population not stated) | – | Geriaforce tincture, fresh plant extract, EGb 761 | – |
| Chuarienthong 2010Non-randomised controlled | Volunteers using anti-wrinkle gel | – | Not namedOn the skin | 4 weeks |
| Snitz 2009RCT, placebo | Community adults aged 72 to 96 | 3,069 | Not named, 240 mg | 318 weeks |
| Napryeyenko 2009RCT, placebo | Adults 50+ with Alzheimer's or vascular dementia | 395 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 22 weeks |
| Yancheva 2009RCT, active or other control | Outpatients with Alzheimer's and neuropsychiatric features | 96 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 22 weeks |
| Ozgoli 2009RCT, placebo | Female students with premenstrual syndrome | 90 | Not named, 120 mg | – |
| Leadbetter 2009RCT, placebo | Healthy adults ascending to 4300 m | 77 | Not named, 240 mg | – |
| Seo 2009RCT, active or other control | Adults with postviral olfactory loss | 71 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Li 2009RCT, active or other control | Early diabetic nephropathy patients | 64 | Not named | 8 weeks |
| Russo 2009RCT, active or other control | Adults with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis | 60 | GB-HA (Trium)On the skin | 4 weeks |
| Bäurle 2009Single-arm or open-label | Elderly adults with mild cognitive impairment | 59 | Not named, 180 mg | 6 weeks |
| Deng 2009RCT, active or other control | Cardiac surgery patients | 20 | Ginaton | – |
| Lei 2009Pharmacokinetic | Healthy Chinese volunteers by CYP2C19 type | 14 | Not named, 240 mg | 2 weeks |
| Lei 2009Pharmacokinetic | Healthy young men | 14 | Not named, 240 mg | 2 weeks |
| Fan 2009Pharmacokinetic | Healthy men | 12 | Not named, 360 mg | 2 weeks |
| Fan 2009Pharmacokinetic | Healthy Chinese men | 10 | Not named, 360 mg | 2 weeks |
| Niederhofer 2009Single-arm or open-label | Patients with autistic disorder | 3 | EGb 761, 200 mg | 4 weeks |
| Kunel'skaia 2009Single-arm or open-label | Sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus patients | – | Tanakan, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| 2009Other | Postviral olfactory loss patients | – | Not named | – |
| DeKosky 2008RCT, placebo | Adults 75+ with normal cognition or MCI | 3,069 | Not named, 240 mg | 318 weeks |
| McCarney 2008RCT, placebo | Community adults with mild to moderate dementia | 176 | Not named, 120 mg | 26 weeks |
| Dodge 2008RCT, placebo | Cognitively intact adults aged 85+ | 118 | Not named | 182 weeks |
| Meston 2008RCT, placebo | Women with sexual arousal disorder | 99 | Not named, 300 mg | 8 weeks |
| Wu 2008RCT, active or other control | Coronary artery disease patients | 80 | Not named | 2 weeks |
| Zhang 2008RCT, active or other control | Chronic hepatitis B patients | 64 | EGb 761 | – |
| Gardner 2008RCT, placebo | Older adults with peripheral artery disease | 62 | EGb 761, 300 mg | 17 weeks |
| Wu 2008RCT, placebo | Healthy elderly adults | 60 | Not named | – |
| Yi 2008RCT, active or other control | Stage IV breast cancer patients on chemotherapy | 60 | EGb 761 | – |
| Doruk 2008RCT, placebo | Treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients on clozapine | 42 | EGb, 120 mg | 12 weeks |
| Robertson 2008Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | 14 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Penzak 2008Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers, before and after ginkgo | – | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Borisova 2008Other | Early cerebrovascular disease patients | – | Tanakan | – |
| Napryeyenko 2007RCT, placebo | Adults 50+ with dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms | 400 | EGb 761 | 22 weeks |
| Scripnikov 2007RCT, placebo | Patients with dementia and neuropsychiatric features | 400 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 22 weeks |
| Woelk 2007RCT, placebo | Adults with anxiety or adjustment disorder | 107 | EGb 761, 480 mg | 4 weeks |
| Batysheva 2007Single-arm or open-label | Chronic progressive brain disorder outpatients | 100 | Ginos, 360 mg | 13 weeks |
| Wu 2007RCT, placebo | Coronary artery disease patients | 80 | Not named | – |
| Kennedy 2007Crossover, placebo | Healthy young adults, single dose | 78 | Not named, 120 mg | – |
| Li 2007RCT, active or other control | Early diabetic nephropathy patients | 63 | Not named | 9 weeks |
| Galduróz 2007Non-randomised controlled | Healthy male volunteers | 60 | Not named | – |
| Gardner 2007RCT, placebo | Older adults with PAD or cardiovascular risk, on aspirin | 55 | EGb 761, 300 mg | 4 weeks |
| Moraga 2007RCT, placebo | Sea-level adults ascending to 3696 m | 36 | Not named, 160 mg | 0 weeks |
| Zhong 2007RCT, active or other control | Children with nephrotic syndrome | 35 | Not named | 8 weeks |
| Deng 2007RCT, active or other control | Congenital heart disease patients on bypass | 30 | Ginaton | – |
| Kennedy 2007Crossover, placebo | Healthy young adults | 28 | Standardised GBE; Virtiva (GBE with phosphatidylserine), 120 mg | – |
| Wang 2007RCT, placebo | Adults with peripheral arterial disease | 22 | Not named, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Wimpissinger 2007Crossover, placebo | Healthy young men | 15 | EGb 761, 240 mg | – |
| Donfrancesco 2007Single-arm or open-label | Children with dyslexia | 15 | EGb 761, 80 mg | – |
| Aruna 2007RCT, active or other control | Healthy young men | 10 | Not named, 120 mg | – |
| Beckert 2007Other | Healthy adult volunteers, ginkgo among five herbs | 10 | Not named | 2 weeks |
| Rodríguez 2007Single-arm or open-label | Cardiovascular high-risk bypass patients | 8 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 9 weeks |
| Siegel 2007Single-arm or open-label | High-risk patients after bypass surgery | 8 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 9 weeks |
| Lovera 2007RCT, placebo | People with multiple sclerosis | – | Not named, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Ganança 2007Observational | Meniere or peripheral vestibular disorder patients | – | EGb 761 | 17 weeks |
| Arushanian 2007Non-randomised controlled | Young patients with prior cerebral trauma | – | Bilobil | 2 weeks |
| Foroughinia 2007Other | G6PD-deficient patients | – | Not named | – |
| Dardano 2007RCT, placebo | Graves' disease patients after radioiodine | – | EGb 761 | 17 weeks |
| Burns 2006RCT, placebo | Healthy young and older adults | 197 | Not named, 120 mg | 12 weeks |
| Zhang 2006RCT, placebo | Schizophrenia inpatients on haloperidol | 109 | EGb, 360 mg | 12 weeks |
| Deng 2006RCT, placebo | Heart valve surgery patients on bypass | 60 | Ginaton | – |
| Wolf 2006Crossover, placebo | Healthy young men on aspirin | 50 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Deng 2006RCT, active or other control | Children and adults having heart defect surgery | 40 | Ginaton | – |
| Gavrilova 2006Single-arm or open-label | Mild cognitive impairment patients | 30 | Tanakan, 240 mg | 26 weeks |
| Kudolo 2006Crossover, placebo | Adults with normal, impaired or diabetic glucose | 26 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Jiang 2006Pharmacokinetic | Healthy adults | 24 | Not named | – |
| Johnson 2006RCT, placebo | Adults with multiple sclerosis | 22 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Kudolo 2006Crossover, placebo | Adults with and without type 2 diabetes | 20 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Greenblatt 2006Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 11 | Ginkgold, 360 mg | – |
| Uchida 2006Pharmacokinetic | Healthy men | 10 | Not named, 360 mg | 4 weeks |
| Lu 2006Pharmacokinetic | Adults given ticlopidine | – | Not named | – |
| Mazza 2006RCT, placebo | Adults 50-80 with mild to moderate Alzheimer's | – | Flavogin (EGb 761), 160 mg | 24 weeks |
| Iakhno 2006Single-arm or open-label | Older adults with mild cognitive impairment | – | Tanakan (EGb 761) | – |
| Heinen-Kammerer 2005Non-randomised controlled | Adults 65-80 with mild to moderate dementia | 683 | EGb 761 | – |
| Schneider 2005RCT, placebo | Outpatients with Alzheimer-type dementia | 513 | GbE, 240 mg | 26 weeks |
| Elsabagh 2005RCT, placebo | Healthy university students | 92 | Not named, 120 mg | 6 weeks |
| Elsabagh 2005RCT, placebo | Postmenopausal women aged 51-67 | 87 | LI 1370, 120 mg | 6 weeks |
| Pal'chun 2005Other | Acute neurosensory hearing loss patients | 72 | Tanakan | – |
| Zhu 2005RCT, active or other control | Early diabetic nephropathy patients | 68 | EGB, 29 mg | 13 weeks |
| Lu 2005Non-randomised controlled | Early diabetic nephropathy patients | 60 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| He 2005RCT, active or other control | Adults with pulmonary interstitial fibrosis | 45 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Bidzan 2005Single-arm or open-label | Adults with Alzheimer's, vascular or mixed dementia | 30 | Ginkofar | 26 weeks |
| Atmaca 2005RCT, active or other control | Schizophrenia patients on olanzapine | 29 | EGb | 8 weeks |
| Li 2005Single-arm or open-label | Senile insomnia patients | 25 | Not namedOn the skin | – |
| Kudolo 2005Single-arm or open-label | Adults with type 2 diabetes | 19 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Jiang 2005Pharmacokinetic | Healthy men | 12 | Not named | 2 weeks |
| Gurley 2005Pharmacokinetic | Healthy adults aged 60-76 | 12 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Markowitz 2005Single-arm or open-label | Healthy adult volunteers | 11 | Not named, 240 mg | 2 weeks |
| Chow 2005RCT, placebo | Unacclimatised adults ascending to altitude | – | Not named | – |
| Kim 2005RCT, placebo | Chronic peritoneal dialysis patients | – | Not named | – |
| Page 2005Other | Healthy older adults | – | EGb 761 | – |
| Trick 2004Non-randomised controlled | Healthy older volunteers | 1,570 | LI 1370, 120 mg | 26 weeks |
| Gertsch 2004RCT, placebo | Healthy trekkers at altitude | 614 | Not named | – |
| Singh 2004RCT, placebo | Healthy students and faculty aged 21-60 | 60 | Not named, 80 mg | – |
| Köhler 2004Crossover, placebo | Healthy men | 50 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Mattes 2004RCT, placebo | Healthy young adults | 39 | Not named, 185 mg | 13 weeks |
| Boelsma 2004Crossover, placebo | Healthy middle-aged adults | 27 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 3 weeks |
| Huang 2004Single-arm or open-label | Type 2 diabetes patients with retinopathy | 25 | EGb 761 | 13 weeks |
| Wheatley 2004RCT, placebo | Adults with antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction | 24 | Not named, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Yin 2004Pharmacokinetic | Healthy Chinese adults | 18 | Not named, 280 mg | 2 weeks |
| Bernardczyk-Meller 2004Single-arm or open-label | Young people with type 1 diabetes | 15 | EGb 761 (Tanakan) | 13 weeks |
| Yasui-Furukori 2004Single-arm or open-label | Alzheimer inpatients on donepezil | 14 | Not named, 90 mg | 4 weeks |
| Kudolo 2004Crossover, placebo | Healthy non-diabetic adults | 12 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Jowers 2004Single-arm or open-label | Healthy adults under simulated hypoxia | 9 | Not named, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Yoshioka 2004Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers given nifedipine | 8 | GBE, 240 mg | – |
| Karazhaeva 2004Non-randomised controlled | Retinal dystrophy and detachment patients | – | Not named | – |
| Haan 2004RCT, placebo | Patients with Alzheimer's or vascular dementia | – | EGb 761 | 52 weeks |
| van Dongen 2003RCT, placebo | Elderly with dementia or memory impairment | 214 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Cieza 2003RCT, placebo | Healthy adults aged 50-65 | 66 | EGb 761, 720 mg | 4 weeks |
| Cieza 2003RCT, placebo | Healthy adults aged 50-65 | 66 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Parsad 2003RCT, placebo | Patients with limited slow-spreading vitiligo | 52 | Not named, 120 mg | – |
| Santos 2003RCT, placebo | Healthy older men aged 60-70 | 48 | Not named | 35 weeks |
| Kampman 2003RCT, placebo | Cocaine-dependent adults | 44 | Not named, 120 mg | 10 weeks |
| Bal Dit Sollier 2003RCT, placebo | Healthy young men | 32 | EGb 761, 480 mg | 2 weeks |
| Hartley 2003RCT, placebo | Postmenopausal women aged 53-65 | 31 | Not named, 120 mg | 1 weeks |
| Kudolo 2003Single-arm or open-label | Normo- and hypercholesterolaemic adults | 30 | Not named, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Quaranta 2003Crossover, placebo | Normal tension glaucoma patients | 27 | Not named, 120 mg | 4 weeks |
| Engelsen 2003Crossover, placebo | Patients on long-term warfarin | 24 | Not named, 100 mg | 4 weeks |
| Stone 2003RCT, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 20 | EGb 761 | – |
| Kennedy 2003Crossover, placebo | Healthy young volunteers | 15 | GK501, 360 mg | – |
| Markowitz 2003Single-arm or open-label | Healthy volunteers | 12 | Not named, 240 mg | 2 weeks |
| Canter 2003Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 11 | GK501, 120 mg | – |
| Wang 2003Pharmacokinetic | Healthy adult volunteers | 10 | Not named | – |
| Mauro 2003Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | 8 | Not named, 240 mg | – |
| Kalus 2003Crossover, placebo | Healthy young volunteers | – | Not named, 240 mg | 1 weeks |
| Cieza 2003Other | Healthy older adults | – | Not named | – |
| Le Bars 2003RCT, placebo | Alzheimer's patients (post hoc subgroups) | – | EGb 761, 120 mg | 52 weeks |
| 2003Other | Mentally fit seniors | – | Not named | – |
| Kanowski 2003RCT, placebo | Outpatients with Alzheimer-type or multi-infarct dementia | – | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Mix 2002RCT, placebo | Cognitively intact older adults | 262 | EGb 761, 180 mg | 6 weeks |
| Solomon 2002RCT, placebo | Healthy community-dwelling adults over 60 | 230 | Not named, 120 mg | 6 weeks |
| Fies 2002RCT, active or other control | Patients with dry macular degeneration | 99 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Jezova 2002RCT, placebo | Healthy young volunteers | 70 | EGb 761, 120 mg | – |
| Morgenstern 2002RCT, placebo | Patients with chronic tinnitus | 60 | EGb 761, 160 mg | 12 weeks |
| Kudolo 2002Single-arm or open-label | Healthy and type 2 diabetic adults | 47 | Not named, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Orendorz-Fraczkowska 2002RCT, active or other control | Adults with peripheral vestibular lesion | 45 | EGb 761 | 13 weeks |
| Kang 2002RCT, placebo | Adults with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction | 37 | Not named | 8 weeks |
| Wang 2002RCT, active or other control | Asphyxiated newborns | 30 | Not named | 1 weeks |
| Gertsch 2002RCT, placebo | Healthy sea-level adults ascending to altitude | 26 | Not named, 180 mg | 0 weeks |
| Neznamov 2002Single-arm or open-label | Patients with asthenic disorders | 26 | Tanakan | 8 weeks |
| Kennedy 2002Crossover, placebo | Healthy young adults | 20 | Not named, 360 mg | – |
| Mehlsen 2002Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 16 | Gibidyl Forte | 6 weeks |
| Drago 2002Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | 12 | Not named, 80 mg | 1 weeks |
| Gurley 2002Single-arm or open-label | Healthy volunteers | 12 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Le Bars 2002RCT, placebo | Alzheimer's patients (post hoc by severity) | – | EGb 761, 120 mg | 52 weeks |
| Engelsen 2002Crossover, placebo | Patients on long-term warfarin | – | Not named | – |
| Scholey 2002Crossover, placebo | Healthy young adults | – | GK501 | – |
| Nathan 2002Crossover, placebo | Healthy older volunteers | – | Not named, 120 mg | – |
| Kressmann 2002Pharmacokinetic | Not stated | – | Not named, 120 mg | – |
| Limanova 2002Other | Children with cerebrovascular disease or ADHD | – | Bilobil | – |
| Muir 2002RCT, placebo | Patients with Raynaud's disease | – | Seredrin | 10 weeks |
| Drew 2001RCT, placebo | Adults with stable tinnitus | 1,121 | Li 1370, 150 mg | 12 weeks |
| Hahn 2001Single-arm or open-label | Chronic tinnitus patients | 120 | EGb 761 | – |
| Zhang 2001RCT, placebo | Treatment-resistant schizophrenia inpatients | 109 | Not named, 360 mg | 12 weeks |
| Burschka 2001RCT, active or other control | Patients with sudden hearing loss | 106 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 8 weeks |
| Zhang 2001RCT, placebo | Chronic refractory schizophrenia patients | 82 | Not named | – |
| Reisser 2001RCT, active or other control | Patients with sudden deafness | 72 | EGb 761 | – |
| Stough 2001RCT, placebo | Healthy adults | 61 | Not named | 4 weeks |
| Moulton 2001RCT, placebo | Healthy young men | 60 | BioGinkgo 27/7, 120 mg | 1 weeks |
| Milopol'skaia 2001Single-arm or open-label | Patients with asthenic disorders | 60 | Tanakan, 240 mg | – |
| Kudolo 2001Single-arm or open-label | Adults with type 2 diabetes | 20 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 12 weeks |
| Hemmeter 2001Non-randomised controlled | Depressed inpatients on trimipramine | 16 | Li 1370, 240 mg | 4 weeks |
| Murray 2001Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 10 | Li 1370, 240 mg | – |
| Mauri 2001Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | – | Ginkgoselect | – |
| Cockle 2000Non-randomised controlled | Free-living older volunteers | 5,028 | LI 1370, 120 mg | 17 weeks |
| Le Bars 2000RCT, placebo | Alzheimer's or multi-infarct dementia patients | 309 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 26 weeks |
| van Dongen 2000RCT, placebo | Elderly with dementia or memory impairment | 214 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Neznamov 2000Non-randomised controlled | Patients with asthenic organic emotional disorder | 79 | Tanakan | 4 weeks |
| Hahn 2000Single-arm or open-label | Chronic cochleovestibular disorder patients | 72 | EGb 761 | – |
| Kumar 2000Non-randomised controlled | Patients with acquired sensorineural hearing loss | 52 | Ginkocer | – |
| Mix 2000RCT, placebo | Cognitively intact older adults | 48 | EGb 761, 180 mg | 6 weeks |
| Kontsevoĭ 2000Single-arm or open-label | Patients with brain circulation insufficiency, aged | 34 | Tanakan, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Shprakh 2000Single-arm or open-label | Infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy | 30 | Tanakan | 9 weeks |
| Kudolo 2000Single-arm or open-label | Normal glucose tolerant adults | 20 | Not named, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Kennedy 2000Crossover, placebo | Healthy young volunteers | 20 | GK501, 360 mg | – |
| Fowler 2000Single-arm or open-label | Adult volunteers (PET study) | 10 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 4 weeks |
| Ashton 2000Other | Adults with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction (no abstract) | – | Not named | – |
| Timerbaeva 2000Other | Patients with brain blood supply insufficiency | – | Tanakan | – |
| Schweizer 1999RCT, active or other control | Patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease | 74 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Zhou 1999RCT, placebo | Chronic refractory schizophrenia patients | 54 | Not named | 12 weeks |
| Rigney 1999Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers aged 30-59 | 31 | Not named, 300 mg | 0 weeks |
| Lingaerde 1999RCT, placebo | Patients with seasonal affective disorder | 27 | PN246 | 10 weeks |
| Krasnov 1999Single-arm or open-label | Patients with neurasthenia | 25 | Tanakan | 8 weeks |
| Chung 1999Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 11 | Not named, 120 mg | 0 weeks |
| Hibatallah 1999RCT, active or other control | Volunteers, skin inflammation model | – | Not namedOn the skin | – |
| Brautigam 1998RCT, placebo | Older adults with memory complaints | 241 | Not named | 24 weeks |
| Ivaniv 1998RCT, active or other control | Discirculatory encephalopathy patients | 208 | EGb 761 | – |
| Dziak 1998Non-randomised controlled | Operated cerebral artery anomaly patients | 150 | Tanakan, 120 mg | – |
| Peters 1998RCT, placebo | Intermittent claudication patients, Fontaine stage IIb | 111 | EGb 761 (Tebonin forte) | 24 weeks |
| Cohen 1998Single-arm or open-label | Patients with antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction | 63 | Not named, 209 mg | – |
| Cesarani 1998RCT, active or other control | Vascular vestibular vertigo patients, versus betahistine | 44 | EGb 761, 160 mg | 13 weeks |
| Balashova 1998Single-arm or open-label | Insulin-dependent diabetes patients | 42 | Tanakan | 6 weeks |
| Li 1998Single-arm or open-label | Peripheral arterial occlusive disease patients, some diabetic | 24 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 48 weeks |
| Itil 1998RCT, active or other control | Elderly patients with possible or probable Alzheimer's, versus tacrine | 18 | EGb 761, 240 mg | – |
| Schulz 1998Crossover, placebo | Healthy adult women | 12 | Not named | – |
| Blume 1998Other | Peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Fontaine stage IIb | – | EGb 761 | – |
| Hörr 1998Other | Dementia patients | – | EGb 761 | – |
| Luo 1997RCT, placebo | Chronic schizophrenia patients on neuroleptics | 545 | Shuxuening (EGb 761), 360 mg | 16 weeks |
| Le Bars 1997RCT, placebo | Alzheimer's or multi-infarct dementia outpatients | 309 | EGb, 120 mg | 52 weeks |
| Kanowski 1997RCT, placebo | Alzheimer-type or multi-infarct dementia outpatients | 216 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Kupnovyts'ka 1997Non-randomised controlled | Circulatory encephalopathy patients | 68 | Tanakan | – |
| Maurer 1997RCT, placebo | Outpatients with Alzheimer-type dementia | 20 | EGb 761 (Tebonin forte), 240 mg | 13 weeks |
| Pietri 1997RCT, placebo | Patients having aortic valve replacement surgery | 15 | EGb 761 (Tanakan), 320 mg | 1 weeks |
| Pietta 1997Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | – | Not named | – |
| Rudenko 1997Non-randomised controlled | Stage I atherosclerotic encephalopathy patients | – | Tanakan | – |
| Kuznetsova 1997Other | Stroke patients with residual symptoms | – | Tanakan | – |
| Li 1997RCT, placebo | Asthma patients | – | Ginkgo leaf concentrated oral liquor | – |
| Kanowski 1996RCT, placebo | Alzheimer-type or multi-infarct dementia outpatients | 216 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 24 weeks |
| Blume 1996RCT, placebo | Trained patients with intermittent claudication | 60 | EGb 761, 120 mg | 24 weeks |
| Chen 1996RCT, active or other control | Coronary heart disease patients with angina | 46 | Shuxuening | – |
| Roncin 1996RCT, placebo | Trekkers on a Himalayan expedition | 44 | EGb 761, 160 mg | – |
| Haase 1996RCT, placebo | Moderate dementia patients (Alzheimer, vascular or mixed) | 40 | EGb 761 | 4 weeks |
| Drabaek 1996Crossover, placebo | Elderly patients with intermittent claudication | 18 | GB-8, 120 mg | 13 weeks |
| Itil 1996Other | Volunteers in EEG study (not described) | – | EGb | – |
| Garg 1995RCT, placebo | Acute ischaemic stroke patients | 55 | Not named, 160 mg | 4 weeks |
| Semlitsch 1995RCT, placebo | Adults aged 51-79 with age-associated memory impairment | 48 | Ginkobene, 120 mg | 8 weeks |
| Emerit 1995Single-arm or open-label | Chernobyl accident recovery workers | 30 | EGb 761 (Tanakan), 120 mg | 9 weeks |
| Wójcicki 1995Pharmacokinetic | Healthy volunteers | 18 | Not named | – |
| Fourtillan 1995Pharmacokinetic | Young healthy volunteers | 12 | EGb 761 | – |
| Plath 1995Single-arm or open-label | Sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus patients | – | Not named | – |
| von Wedel 1995RCT, placebo | Chronic tinnitus patients | – | Not named | – |
| Vesper 1994RCT, placebo | Outpatients with cerebral insufficiency, mean age 62.7 | 90 | LI 1370 | 12 weeks |
| Hoffmann 1994RCT, active or other control | Idiopathic sudden hearing loss patients, versus naftidrofuryl | 80 | EGb 761 (Tebonin) | – |
| Holgers 1994Crossover, placebo | Patients with persistent severe tinnitus | 80 | Not named | – |
| Mouren 1994RCT, placebo | Intermittent claudication patients with arterial occlusive disease | 20 | EGb 761, 320 mg | 4 weeks |
| Tamborini 1993RCT, placebo | Women with premenstrual syndrome, congestive symptoms | 165 | EGb 761 | – |
| Költringer 1993RCT, active or other control | Patients with abnormal blood visco-elasticity | 42 | EGb 761 (Tebonin p.i.) | – |
| Allain 1993Crossover, placebo | Elderly adults with slight age-related memory impairment | 18 | EGb 761 | – |
| Künkel 1993Crossover, placebo | Healthy young men | 12 | EGb 761 (Tebonin) | 0 weeks |
| Grässel 1992RCT, placebo | Outpatients with cerebral insufficiency | 72 | EGb 761 | 24 weeks |
| Pietschmann 1992RCT, active or other control | Healthy volunteers exposed to ultraviolet light | 24 | Not named | 2 weeks |
| Witte 1992Single-arm or open-label | Outpatients with raised fibrinogen | 20 | EGb 761, 240 mg | 12 weeks |
| Rai 1991RCT, placebo | Adults over 50 with mild to moderate memory impairment | 31 | Tanakan, 120 mg | 24 weeks |
| Raabe 1991RCT, active or other control | Elderly with chronic cerebroretinal ischaemia | 24 | EGb 761, 160 mg | – |
| Warot 1991Crossover, placebo | Healthy young women | 12 | Tanakan, 600 mg | – |
| Gerhardt 1990RCT, active or other control | Elderly patients with cerebrovascular disorders | 80 | Not named | 6 weeks |
| Eckmann 1990RCT, placebo | Inpatients with cerebral insufficiency and low mood | 60 | Not named, 160 mg | 6 weeks |
| Thomson 1990RCT, placebo | Stage 2 peripheral vascular disease patients with claudication | 37 | Tanakan | 24 weeks |
| Jung 1990Crossover, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 10 | Kaveri | – |
| Saudreau 1989RCT, placebo | Stage III chronic occlusive arterial disease of the legs | 64 | Tanakan, 200 mg | 1 weeks |
| Hofferberth 1989RCT, placebo | Patients with organic brain syndrome | 36 | EGb 761 (Rokan), 120 mg | 8 weeks |
| Költringer 1989RCT, placebo | Patients with extracranial brain artery arteriosclerosis | 30 | Tebonin | – |
| Fünfgeld 1989Single-arm or open-label | Parkinson patients with senile dementia | 25 | Not named | 52 weeks |
| Költringer 1989Non-randomised controlled | Patients with arteriosclerotic disorders | 24 | Not named | – |
| Duche 1989RCT, placebo | Healthy volunteers | 24 | Not named, 400 mg | 2 weeks |
| Guinot 1989Single-arm or open-label | Healthy male volunteers | – | Tanakan | – |
| Lanthony 1988RCT, placebo | Diabetics with early retinopathy and colour vision loss | 29 | Not named | 26 weeks |
| Halama 1988Other | Patients with vascular brain performance disorders | – | Not named | – |
| Költringer 1988Other | Not stated | – | Not named | – |
| Rudofsky 1987Crossover, placebo | Arterial occlusive disease patients | – | Not named | – |
| Meyer 1986RCT, active or other control | Tinnitus patients, versus almitrine-raubasine and nicergoline | 259 | Not named | – |
| Taillandier 1986RCT, placebo | Elderly patients with cerebral ageing disorders | 166 | Not named | – |
| Meyer 1986RCT, placebo | Tinnitus outpatients | 103 | Not named | 56 weeks |
| Bauer 1986RCT, placebo | Patients with arteritis of the lower limbs | 71 | Not named | 65 weeks |
| Haguenauer 1986RCT, placebo | Patients with recent-onset vertigo of unknown cause | 70 | Not named | 13 weeks |
| Lagrue 1986Single-arm or open-label | Women with idiopathic cyclic oedema | 15 | Not named | – |
| Lebuisson 1986RCT, placebo | Outpatients with senile macular degeneration | 10 | Not named | – |
| Hindmarch 1986Crossover, placebo | Healthy young women | 8 | Not named | – |
| Felber 1986Single-arm or open-label | Healthy young men | 7 | Not named | 8 weeks |
| Dubreuil 1986RCT, active or other control | Acute cochlear deafness patients, versus nicergoline | – | Not named | – |
| Claussen 1986Other | Patients with vertiginous syndromes | – | Not named | – |
| Hannequin 1986Single-arm or open-label | Patients with brain irradiation oedema | – | Not named | – |
| Weitbrecht 1986RCT, placebo | Primary degenerative dementia patients | – | Not named | – |
| Gessner 1985RCT, placebo | Adults aged 57-77 with age-related mental decline | 60 | Rokan/Tanakan, 120 mg | 12 weeks |
| Schaffler 1985Crossover, placebo | Healthy young men under hypoxia | 8 | Tebonin | 2 weeks |
| Bauer 1984RCT, placebo | Peripheral arteriopathy patients, Fontaine stage IIb | 79 | Rokan | 26 weeks |
| Subhan 1984Crossover, placebo | Healthy young women | 8 | Not named | – |
| Eckmann 1982Other | Patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency | – | Tebonin forte | – |
| Haan 1982Other | Patients with cerebral insufficiency | – | Not named | – |
| Merté 1980Single-arm or open-label | Retinal and optic nerve circulatory disorder patients | 46 | Rokan, 160 mg | – |
| Salz 1980Crossover, placebo | Patients with arterial ischemic leg disease | – | Not named | – |
| Heiss 1978Other | Patients assessed for cerebral blood flow | 410 | Not named | – |
| Lauliac 1976Other | Peripheral vascular disorder patients | – | Tanakan | – |
| Agnoli 1973Other | Not stated (cerebral blood flow study) | – | Not named | – |
| Piovella 1973Other | Not stated | – | Not named | – |
| Bartolo 1973Other | Patients with peripheral vascular diseases | – | Not named | – |
| De Amicis 1973Other | Patients with arteriosclerotic ear diseases | – | Not named | – |
| Nazzaro 1973Other | Patients with angiodystrophic skin diseases | – | Not named | – |
| Sorbini 1973Other | Patients with vascular diseases | – | Not named | – |
| Perinović 1973Other | Peripheral arterial occlusive disease patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Matteoni 1973Other | Not stated | – | Tebonin | – |
| Kandziora 1973Non-randomised controlled | Patients with arterial occlusive disease of lower limbs | – | Tebonin | – |
| Saponaro 1973Other | Not stated | – | Not named | – |
| Grasset 1972Other | Women using oral contraceptives | – | Not named | – |
| Massoni 1972Other | Elderly people | – | Not named | – |
| Mentz 1971Other | Eye disease patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Schulz 1971Other | Post-traumatic brain lesion patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Schaub 1970Other | Vasomotor headache patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Bryde 1970Other | Diabetic angiopathy patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Koeppel 1970Other | Elderly people with hearing disorders | – | Tebonin | – |
| Montanini 1969Other | Cerebral vascular disease patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Franke 1969Other | Peripheral arterial disease patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Mussgnug 1969Other | Diabetic angiopathy patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Gau 1969Other | Cerebral and peripheral arterial disease patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Thönelt 1968Other | Patients on long-term Tebonin | – | Tebonin | – |
| Mussgnug 1968Other | Peripheral arterial disease patients | – | Not named | – |
| Tronnier 1968Other | Postthrombotic syndrome patients | – | Not named | – |
| Birkmayer 1967Other | Chronic cerebral ischemia patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| Hemmer 1967Other | Patients, cerebral effect | – | Not named | – |
| Krammer 1966Other | Peripheral circulatory disorder patients | – | Tebonin | – |
| LACKNER 1952Other | Roentgen intoxication patients | – | Rokan | – |
Safety
What's known about safety
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In trials
Generally well tolerated. Dizziness, stomach upset and headache are reported most often. In a review of 18 placebo-controlled trials, clotting tests gave no sign of a higher bleeding risk.
NCCIH, updated Feb 2025; Kellermann 2011, review of 18 trials; Tan 2015, 9 trials in dementia
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In the UK
Ginkgo leaf was in use in Europe before 1997, so it isn't a novel food and can be sold in food supplements. One ginkgo leaf tablet is also registered with the MHRA as a traditional herbal medicine.
EU Novel Food Status Catalogue (leaves only); FSA novel foods guidance; MHRA list of traditional herbal registrations, Oct 2025
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Check first
It may raise the risk of bleeding with blood thinners such as warfarin, and may interact with other medicines. It may be unsafe in pregnancy and little is known about breastfeeding, so speak to a pharmacist or doctor first. Fresh ginkgo seeds are toxic.
NCCIH, updated Feb 2025
How we built this
Where these studies come from
We list every published study of ginkgo in people. This first version is built from each study's summary; full-paper checks come next.
-
We search
PubMed, the world's main library of medical research, for every paper on L-theanine.
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We keep studies in people
Lab and animal work is counted but left out of the list, because it doesn't tell you what happens in people.
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We note the basics
Who took part, how many, how much and for how long, from each study's published summary. A second check corrects what the first read gets wrong.
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We read them in full
Results appear once we've read the whole paper and checked every number. The date at the top shows when this entry was last updated.
Download the study list
Every study in people as a spreadsheet, 476 rows, free to reuse with a link back.
Versions
Each update to the data gets a new version number, so you can tell what changed and when.
See every version
1.0 · 19 Oct 2026. First release. Every published study giving ginkgo on its own to people is listed from its summary. None is read in full yet.
Keep exploring
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